3D scanning is a technology that captures the physical characteristics of real-world objects and converts them into digital 3D models. This process is essential for applications in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, architecture, and entertainment.

There are several methods for 3D scanning, each suited to different needs:

1. Laser Scanning: Laser scanners use triangulation to measure distances. They emit laser beams that bounce off the object and are reflected back to the scanner, allowing for the creation of detailed 3D models. This method is precise and works well for capturing complex geometries​.
2. Structured Light Scanning: This technique projects a known pattern of light onto an object, and cameras capture how the pattern deforms on the object’s surface. The deformation is used to reconstruct the object's 3D shape. It is often used for applications requiring high accuracy and detail, such as industrial quality control​.
3. Photogrammetry: In this method, multiple photographs of an object are taken from different angles. Specialized software analyzes the images and extracts 3D data by comparing common features across them. While photogrammetry can be less accurate than laser scanning, it is a cost-effective solution for less demanding projects​.
4. Time-of-Flight (ToF) Scanning: These scanners use infrared sensors to measure the time it takes for light to travel to the object and back, generating a 3D model from the distance data. ToF scanners are useful for real-time scanning applications like augmented reality

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3D scanning has vast applications, ranging from reverse engineering and creating digital twins for manufacturing, to designing custom products in fields like dental care and prosthetics. It can also play a crucial role in preservation, such as capturing historical artifacts or structures before restoration​. Each scanning technology has its strengths and is selected based on factors like object complexity, required precision, and budget.